Aiken’s V calculator
To validate your questionnaire, several expert judges rate each item (for example, 1 to 4 on clarity, relevance or pertinence). Paste their ratings: one row per item and one column per judge. If the first row has the judges’ names or the first column the item number, they are skipped automatically.
The calculation runs in your browser. We don’t store what you type.
How it’s calculated
V = S / (n × (c − 1)), where S is the sum of the ratings minus the scale’s lowest value, n is the number of judges and c the number of values on the scale.
V goes from 0 to 1. The closer to 1, the more the judges agree that the item is appropriate.
The confidence interval uses the score method by Penfield and Giacobbi (2004), the one most often cited alongside Aiken’s V.
How to read the result
- A common rule is to accept an item when V ≥ 0.70. With few judges, many authors ask for V ≥ 0.80. Use the one your university or advisor requires.
- If the interval’s lower bound is also above 0.50, the agreement is stronger than chance.
- Compute a V for each criterion the judges rated (clarity, relevance, pertinence); don’t mix them in one table.
- Items that don’t pass are fixed using the judges’ comments or removed before the pilot test.
Frequently asked questions
- How many judges do I need?
- Between 3 and 10 is most common. With few judges the bar is higher: with 3 judges, almost all must give the top score to reach 0.80.
- Which scale should I use?
- Any works as long as all judges use the same one: 0 and 1 (not appropriate / appropriate), 1 to 4 or 1 to 5. Enter your scale’s minimum and maximum.
- How is it different from Cronbach’s alpha?
- Aiken’s V measures content validity according to experts, before you run the questionnaire. Cronbach’s alpha measures reliability using the pilot test answers.
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